The National Association of Chronic Disease Directors (NACDD) is a public health association for chronic disease program directors of each state and U.S. territory. Since its founding in 1988, NACDD has been a national leader in the effort to reduce chronic diseases by mobilizing its members to advocate for preventive policies and programs, encourage knowledge sharing and develop model partnerships for health promotion through state and community-based prevention strategies.
 
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 Reports and Resources Related to Health Disparities

Health Disparities Bibliography

Background/Defining Disparities in Health

  • Benach J, Muntaner C, Santana V. Employment Conditions and Health Inequalities: Final Report to the WHO Commission on Social Determinants of Health. 2007; 1-172. Available at http://www.who.int/social_determinants/resources/articles/emconet_who_report.pdf. (Accessed on July 22, 2008).
  • Berkman, L, Epstein, AM. Beyond health care--socioeconomic status and health. New England Journal of Medicine. 2008 Jun 5; 358(23):2509-10.
  • Boyd M. People, Places, Processes: Reducing Health Inequalities Through Balanced Health Promotion Approaches. Vic Health. Available at http://www.vichealth.vic.gov.au/assets/contentFiles/PeoplePlacesProcesses.pdf. (Accessed July 25, 2008).
  • Braveman P, Gruskin S. Theory and Methods: Defining Equity in Health. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2006; Vol.57: 254-258.
  • Braveman P, Gruskin S. Theory and Methods: Defining Equity in Health. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2003; Vol.57: 254-258.
  • Braveman P. We Also Need Bold Experiments: A Response to Starfield’s “Commentary: Pathways of Influence on Equity in Health”. Elsevier: Social Science and Medicine. 2007; Vol. 64: 1363-1366.
  • Butrica B. Do Assets Change the Racial Profile of Poverty Among Older Adults. The Urban Institute. 2008; No. 8. Available at http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/411620_racial_poverty.pdf. (Accessed July 22, 2008).
  • Carter-Pokras O, Baquet C. What is a “Health Disparity?”. Public Health Reports. 2002; Vol. 117: 1-18.
  • Carter-Pokras O, Baquet C. What is a “Health Disparity”. Public Health Reports. 2002; Vol.117: 426-434. Available at http://www.publichealthreports.org/userfiles/117_5/117426.pdf. (Accessed on July 1, 2008).
  • Carter-Pokras O, Baquet C. What is a “Health Disparity”? Public Health Reports. 2002; Vol. 17: 426-434.
  • Civil Society Report on Commission on Social Determinants of Health. Available at http://www.who.int/social_determinants/resources/cs_rep_sum_18_7.pdf. (Accessed July 22, 2008).
  • Ellis J. Social Ties and Health. American Journal of Public Health. 2006; Vol.96, No.8: 1
  • Etches V, Frank J, Di Ruggiero E, Manuel D. Measuring Population Health: A Review of Indicators. Annual Review of Public Health. 2006; Vol. 27: 29-55.
  • HDP Health Equity Interprogrammatic Group. Principles and Basic Concepts of Equity and Health: Division of Health and Human Development PAHOWHO. 1999: 1-11.
  • Hebert P, Sisk J, Howell E. When Does A Difference Become A Disparity? Conceptualizing Racial And Ethnic Disparities in Health. Health Affairs. 2008; Vol. 27, No. 2: 374-382.
  • Hillemeier M, Lynch J, Harper S, Casper M. Data Set Directory of Social Determinants of Health at the Local Level. Atlanta: National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion; 2004.
  • Institute for Alternative Futures. The DRA Project: Using Healthy Eating and Active Living Initiatives to Reduce Health Disparities- February 2008 Report 08-01. 2008; 1-22. Available at http://www.altfutures.com/draproject/pdfs/Report_08_01_Using_Healthy_Eating_and_Active_Living_Initiatives__to_Reduce_Health_Disparities.pdf. (Accessed July 25, 2008).
  • Jemal A, Ward E, Anderson R, Murray T, Thun M. Widening of Socioeconomic Inequalities in U.S. Death Rates, 1993-2001. Publishing Science, Accelerating Research. 2008. Available at http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0002181. (Accessed July 25, 2008).
  • Kawachi I, Subramanian S.V., Almeida-Filho N. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2002; Vol. 56: 647-652. Available at http://jech.bmj.com/cgi/reprint/56/9/647?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&andorexactfulltext=and&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&sortspec=relevance&volume=56&firstpage=647&resourcetype=HWCIT.  (Accessed on July 2, 2008).
  • Mackenbach JP, Stirbu I, Roskam A-JR, et al. Socioeconomic inequalities in health in 22 European countries. N Engl J Med 2008;358:2468-2481.
  • Macinko J, Starfield B. Annotated Bibliography on Equity on Health, 1980-2001. International Journal for Equity Health. 2002; Vol. 1, No. 1: 1-20.
  • Prevention Institute. (2008). Restructuring Government to Address Social Determinants of Health. Available at: http://www.preventioninstitute.org/documents/HealthierAmerica_051608.pdf  
  • Project Hope. Health Disparities: Definitions and Data. Health Affairs: The Policy Journal of Health Sphere. 2008; Vol. 27, No. 2: 373.
  • Redmond Leonard J, Bowman B, Mensah B. Health Disparities: A Selected Bibliography from the National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion- January 2000-January 2005. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 2005: 1-46. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/publications/HealthDisparities/pdf/biblography.pdf. (Accessed July 22, 2008).
  • Stonington S, Holmes S. Social Medicine in the Twenty-First Century. PLOS Medicine. 2006; Vol.3, Issue 10: 1661-1662.
  • Thomas, Stephen B., Quinn, Sandra Crouse. (2008). Poverty and Elimination of Urban Health Disparities: Challenges and Opportunities. Annals of NY Academy Sciences 1136: 111–125.
  • Williams D. Exposing the Roots of Health Disparities. Harvard Public Health Review. 2007; 1-4. Available at http://www.hsph.havard.edu/review/winter07/williams.html. (Invalid link on July 2, 2008).
  • World Health Organization. Achieving Health Equity: From Root Causes to Fair Outcomes- Interim Statement. 2007. Available at http://www.chronicdisease.org/files/public/HDIG_healthinequities_causetooutcomes.pdf. (Accessed July 22, 2008).
  • Vic Health. Research Summary: Burden of Disease Due to Health Inequalities. 2008. Available at http://www.vichealth.vic.gov.au/assets/contentFiles/Burden_of_disease.pdf. (Accessed July 22, 2008).


Morbidity

  • Zack M, Moriarty D, Stroup D, Ford E, Mokdad A. Worsening Trends in Adult Health-Related Quality of Life and Self-Rated Health- United States, 1993-2001. Public Health Reports. 2004; Vol. 119: 493.


Mortality

  • Hahn R, Eaker E, Barker N, Teutsch S, Sosniak W, Krieger N. Poverty and Death in the United States-1973 and 1991. Epidemiology Program Office, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA; Division of Health Studies. 1995; Vol.6: 490-497.
  • Lantz P, House J, Lepkowski J, Williams D, Mero R, Chen J. Socioeconomic Factors, Health Behaviors, and Mortality: Results From a National Representative Prospective Study of US Adults. JAMA. 1998; Vol.279, No.21: 1703-1708.
  • McDonough P, Williams D, House J, Duncan G. Gender and the Socioeconomic Gradient in Mortality. Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 1999; Vol.40, No.1:17-31.
  • McDonough P, Williams D, House J, Duncan G. Income Dynamics and Adult Mortality in the United States, 1972 through 1989. American Journal of Public Health. 1997; Vol.87, No.9: 1476-1483.
  • Meara E, Richards S, Cutler D. The Gap Gets Bigger: Changes In Mortality and Life Expectancy, By Education, 1981-2000. Health Affairs. 2008; Vol. 27, No. 2: 350-360.
  • Nolte E and McKee M. Measuring the health of nations: analysis of mortality amendable to health care. BMJ helping doctors make better decisions. 2003. 1-7. Available at http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/327/7424/1129. (Accessed June 24, 2008).
  • Piers L, Carson N, Brown K, and Ansari Z. Avoidable mortality in Victoria between 1979 and 2001. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health. 2007; Vol.31, No.1 : 5-12.
  • Rehkopf D, Haughton L, Chen J, Waterman P, Subramanian S.V., Krieger N. Monitoring Socioeconomic Disparities in Death: Comparing Individual-Level Education and Area-Based Socioeconomic Measures. American Journal of Public Health. 2006; Vol. 96, No. 8: 2-6.
  • Singh G, Hiatt R. Trends and Disparities in Socioeconomic and Behavioral Characteristics, Life Expectancy, and Cause-Specific Mortality of Native-Born and Foregin-Born Populations in the United States, 1979-2003. International Journal of Epidemiology. 2006; Vol. 35: 903-919.


Social Determinants of Health

  • Bonnefoy J, Morgan A, Kelly M, Butt J, Bergman V, Tugwell P, Robinson V, Exworthy M, Mackenbach J, Popay J, Pope C, Narayan T, Myer L, Simpson S, Houwelling T, Jadue L. Constructing the evidence base on the social determinants of health: A Guide. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. 2007; 26-35.
  • CDC/ATSDR Social Determinants of Health Working Group. Social Determinants of Health. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/sdoh/. (Accessed on July 1, 2008).
  • Kennedy P. Sick People or Societies? Part One. Earideas.com. 2008. Available at: http://earideas.com/earideas/explore/show/41809/Sick+People+or+Sick+Societies%3F+-+Part+One. (Accessed July 25, 2008).
  • Kennedy P. Sick People of Societies? Part Two. Earideas.com. 2008. Available at http://earideas.com/earideas/explore/show/42396/Sick+People+or+Sick+Societies%3F+-+Part+Two. (Accessed July 25, 2008).
  • Marmot M. Social Determinants of Health Inequalities. The Lancet: International Centre for Health and Society, University College London. 2005; Vol.365: 1099-1104.
  • Metzler M. Social Determinants of Health Information Sheet: Division of Prevention Research and Analytic Methods Community-Based Participatory Action Research Activity. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  • Metzler M. Social Determinants of Health: What, How, Why, and Now. Preventing Chronic Disease: Public Health Research, Practice, and Policy. 2007; Vol.4, No.4: 1-4.
  • Raphael D, Curry-Stevens A, Bryant T. Barriers to Addressing the Social Determinants of Health: Insights from the Canadian Experience.
  • Raphael D. Social Determinants of Health: Present Status, Unanswered Questions, and Future Directions. International Journal of Health Services. 2006; Vol.36, No.4: 651-677.
  • Representatives of Civil Society. Civil Society’s Report to the Commission on Social Determinants of Health. Social Medicine. 2007; Vol.2, No.4: 192-211.
  • Schofield T. Health Inequality and Its Social Determinants: A Sociological Commentary. Health Sociology Review. 2007; Vol.16, Issue 2: 105-114.
  • Starfield B. Pathways of Influence on Equity in Health. Elsevier: Social Science and Medicine. 2007; Vol. 64: 1355-1362.
  • Vic Health. Research Summary: Key Influences on Health Inequalities. 2008. Available at http://www.vichealth.vic.gov.au/assets/contentFiles/key_influences.pdf. (Accessed on July 22, 2008).
  • Wilcox L. Onions and Bubbles: Models of the Social Determinants of Health. Preventing Chronic Disease: Public Health Research, Practice, and Policy. 2007; Vol.4, No.4: 1-4.
  • Wilkinson R, Marmot M. Social Determinants of Health: The Solid Facts Second Edition. World Health Organization Europe. Denmark: World Health Organization; 2003.
  • World Health Organization. Latest Publications on Commission on Social Determinants of Health. Available at http://www.who.int/social_determinants/resources/latest_publications/en/index.html. (Accessed July 25, 2008).
  • Yen I.H., Syme S.L. The Social Environment and Health: A Discussion of the Epidemiologic Literature. Annual Reviews of Public Health. 1999; Vol.20: 287-308.

Socioeconomic Status

  • Krieger N, Williams D.R., Moss N.E. Measuring Social Class in US Public Health Research: Concepts, Methodologies, and Guidelines. Annual Reviews of Public Health. 1997; Vol.18: 341-378.
  • Williams D. Low Income, Not Race or Lifestyle, Is the Greatest Threat to Health. Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Website. 2001. Available at http://www.rwjf.org/reports/grr/026422.htm. (Accessed on June 24, 2008).
  • Braveman P. Do We Have Real Poverty in the United State of America? Preventing Chronic Disease: Public Health Research, Practice, and Policy. 2007; Vol.4, No.4: 1-4.


Race/Ethnicity:

  • Bilheimer L, Sisk J. Collecting Adequate Data On Racial and Ethical Disparities In Health: The Challenges Continue. Health Affairs. 2008; Vol. 27, No. 2: 383-391.
  • Blakely T, Tobias M, Atkinson J, Yeh L-C, Huang K. Tracking Disparity: Trends in Ethnic and Socioeconomic Inequalities in Morality, 1981-2004- Public Health Intelligence Occasional Bulletin No. 38. New Zealand Ministry of Health. Wellington: Ministry of Health. 2007.
  • Kimbro R, Bzostek S, Goldman N, Rodriguez G. Race, Ethnicity, and The Education Gradient in Health. Health Affairs. 2007; Vol. 27, No. 2: 361-372.
  • Krieger N, Chen J, Waterman P, Rehkopf D, Subramanian S.V. Painting a Truer Picture of US Socioeconomic and Racial/Ethnic Health Inequalities: The Public Health Disparities Geocoding Project. American Journal of Public Health. 2005; Vol. 95, No. 2: 312-323.

Actions

  • Baquet C, Carter-Pokras O, Bengen-Seltzer B. Healthcare Disparities and Models for Change. The American Journal of Managed Care. 2004; Vol.10 Special Issue: SP5-SP11.
  • Baum F. Cracking the Nut of Health Equity: Top Down and Bottom Up Pressure for Action on the Social Determinants of Health. International Union for Health Promotion and Education. 2007; Vol.14, No.2: 90-95.
  • Braveman P, Egerter S. Overcoming Obstacles to Health: Report from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation to the Commission to Build a Healthier America. Princeton, NJ: Robert Wood Johnson Foundation; 2008.
  • Kumanyika S, Morssink C. Bridging Domains in Efforts to Reduce Disparities in Health and Health Care. Health Education and Behavior. 2006; Vol. 33, No. 4: 440-458.
  • Marmot M. Achieving health equity: from root causes to fair outcomes. The Lancet: International Institute for Society and Health, University College London. 2007; 1-11.
  • Prevention Institute. Good Health Counts: A 21st Century Approach to Health and Community for California. Prevention Institute. Oakland: Prevention Institute; 2007.
  • Prevention Institute. Laying the Groundwork for a Movement to Reduce Health Disparities. DRA Project. Oakland: Prevention Institute; 2007.
  • Prevention Institute. The Imperative of Reducing Health Disparities Through Prevention: Challenges, Implications, and Opportunities- Report 06-01. DRA Project. Oakland: Prevention Institute; 2006.
  • Project Hope. Addressing Specific Disparities. Health Affairs: The Policy Journal of the Health Sphere. 2008; Vol. 27 No. 2. Available at http://content.healthaffairs.org/cgi/content/full/27/2/392?etoc. (Accessed on July 25, 2008).
  • Whitehead M. A Typology of Actions to Tackle Social Inequalities in Health. Journal of Epidemiology of Health. 2007; Vol. 61: 473-478. Available at http://www.chronicdisease.org/files/public/HDIG_healthdisparities_actions.pdf. (Accessed July 22, 2008).
  • Community-Based Participatory Research and/or Programs (CBPR/CBPP)
  • Flores L, Davis R, Culross P. Community Health: A Critical Approach to Addressing Chronic Diseases. Preventing Chronic Disease: Public Health Research, Practice, and Policy. 2007; Vol.4, No.4: 1-8. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2007/oct/07_0080.htm. (Accessed on June 26, 2008).
  • Rust G, Cooper L. How Can Practice-based Research Contribute to the Elimination of Health Disparities? The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine. 2007; Vol.20: 105-114.
  • Rust G, Cooper L. How Can Practice Based Research Contribute to the Elimination of Health Disparities? The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine. 2007; Vol. 20, No. 2: 1-10. Available at http://www.chronicdisease.org/files/public/HDIG_practicebasedresearch_actions.pdf. (Accessed July 22, 2008).
  • Wallerstein N, Duran B. Using Community-Based Participatory Research to Address Health Disparities. Health Promotion Practice. 2006; Vol. 7: 312-323. Available at http://www.chronicdisease.org/files/public/HDIG_CBPRactions_wallerstein.pdf. (Accessed July 25, 2008).
  • Washington State Department of Health. Social and Economic Determinants of Health. The Health of Washington State. 2007; 1.3.1-1.3.7.
  • Whitehead M. A Typology of Actions to Tackle Social Inequalities in Health. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2005; Vol.61: 473-478.
  • Williams D, Norman F, Norman L. Moving Upstream: Health Inequities and How to Effectively Tackle Them. Harvard University PowerPoint Presentation. 2007; 1-29.

CBPR- Diabetes Examples

  • Cleghorn G, Nguyen M, Roberts B, Duran G, Tellez T, Alecon M. Practice-Based Interventions to Improve Health Care for Latinos with Disabilities. Ethnicity and Disease. 2004; Vol. 14: S1-117-S1-121.
  • Collier Garvin C, Cheadle A, Chrisman N, Chen R, Brunson E. A Community-Based Approach to Diabetes Control in Multiple Cultural Groups. Ethnicity and Disease. 2004; Vol. 14: S1-83-S1-92.
  • Kieffer E, Willis S, Odoms-Young A, Guzman R, Allen A, Two Feathers J, Loveluck J. Reducing Disparities in Diabetes Among African-American and Latino Residents of Detroit: The Essential Role of Community Planning Focus Groups. Ethnicity and Disease. 2004; Vol. 14: S1-27-S1-37.
  • Schulz A, Zenk S, Odoms-Young A, Hollis-Neely T, Nwanko R, Lockett M, Ridella W, Kannan S. Healthy Eating and Exercising to Reduce Diabetes: Exploring the Potential of Social Determinants of Health Frameworks Within the Context of Community-Based Participatory Diabetes Prevention. American Journal of Public Health. 2005; Vol. 95, No. 4: 645-651.

Measurement Issues:

  • Kolata G. The Body is Heretic: It Scorns Our Efforts. The New York Times Company. 2005.
  • Meadows R. Health Disparities Report: A County-level Look at Health Outcomes for Minorities in Georgia. Georgia Health Equity Initiative. State of Georgia Department of Community Health. 2008; 1-359. Available at http://dch.georgia.gov/00/channel_title/0,2094,31446711_40829902,00.html. (Accessed on July 24, 2008).
  • Newsom J, McFarland B, Kaplan M, Huguet N, Zani B. The Health Conscious Myth: Implications of the Near Independence if Major Health Behaviors in the North American Population. Elsevier: Social Science and Medicine. 2005; Vol.60: 433-437.
  • Pearce N. Traditional Epidemiology, Modern Epidemiology, and Public Health. American Journal of Public Health. 1996; Vol. 86, No. 5: 678-683.
  • Rothman K, Adami H, Trichopoulos D. Should the Mission of the Epidemiology Include the Eradication of Poverty? The Lancet. 1998; Vol.352: 810-813.
  • Schneider M, Castillo-Salgado C, Bacallao J, Loyola E, Mujica O, Vidaurre M, Roca A. Methods for Measuring Health Inequalities (Part II). Epidemiological Bulletin. 2005; Vol. 26, No. 1: 5-10.
  • Thacker S, Stroup D, Carande-Kulis V, Marks J, Roy K, Gerberding J. Measuring the Public’s Health. Public Health Reports. 2006; Vol. 121: 14-22.

Language Access

  • Youdelman M. The Medical Tounge: U.S. Laws and Policies on Language Access. Health Affairs. 2008; Vol. 27, No. 2: 424-433.


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